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CMECNECPE

The CMQCC Toolkit: Venous Thromboembolism Prevention and Management at Delivery

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Learning Objectives and CME/Disclosure Information

This activity is intended for healthcare providers delivering care to women and their families.

After completing this activity, the participant should be better able to:

1. List the VTE risk factors associated with cesarean section
2. Discuss the risk categories for VTE prophylaxis for caesarean and vaginal delivery

Estimated time to complete activity: 0.25 hours

Faculty:

Susan J. Gross, MD, FRCSC, FACOG, FACMG
President and CEO, The ObG Project

Disclosure of Conflicts of Interest

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine (PIM) requires faculty, planners, and others in control of educational content to disclose all their financial relationships with ineligible companies. All identified conflicts of interest (COI) are thoroughly vetted and mitigated according to PIM policy. PIM is committed to providing its learners with high quality accredited continuing education activities and related materials that promote improvements or quality in healthcare and not a specific proprietary business interest of an ineligible company.

The PIM planners and others have nothing to disclose. The OBG Project planners and others have nothing to disclose.

Faculty: Susan J. Gross, MD, receives consulting fees from Cradle Genomics, and has financial interest in The ObG Project, Inc.

Planners and Managers: The PIM planners and managers, Trace Hutchison, PharmD, Samantha Mattiucci, PharmD, CHCP, Judi Smelker-Mitchek, MBA, MSN, RN, and Jan Schultz, MSN, RN, CHCP have nothing to disclose.

Method of Participation and Request for Credit

Fees for participating and receiving CME credit for this activity are as posted on The ObG Project website. During the period from May 7 2018 through 07/15/2022, participants must read the learning objectives and faculty disclosures and study the educational activity.

If you wish to receive acknowledgment for completing this activity, please complete the post-test and evaluation. Upon registering and successfully completing the post-test with a score of 100% and the activity evaluation, your certificate will be made available immediately.

For Pharmacists: Upon successfully completing the post-test with a score of 100% and the activity evaluation form, transcript information will be sent to the NABP CPE Monitor Service within 4 weeks.

Joint Accreditation Statement

In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by the Postgraduate Institute for Medicine and The ObG Project. Postgraduate Institute for Medicine is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team.

Physician Continuing Medical Education

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine designates this enduring material for a maximum of 0.25 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Continuing Pharmacy Education

Postgraduate Institute for Medicine designates this continuing education activity for 0.25 contact hour(s) (0.25 CEUs) of the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. (Universal Activity Number – JA4008162-9999-18-129-H01-P)

Type of Activity: Knowledge

Continuing Nursing Education

The maximum number of hours awarded for this Continuing Nursing Education activity is 0.2 contact hours.

Designated for 0.1 contact hours of pharmacotherapy credit for Advance Practice Registered Nurses.

Read Disclaimer & Fine Print

SUMMARY:  

The CMQCC Maternal VTE Task Force protocols are modeled on risk stratification.  VTE risk is separated in to three levels (Low, Medium, High), with thromboprophylaxis targeted to each level.  The Task Force also identified key moments in pregnancy that require specific risk assessment, including delivery.  

For women undergoing cesarean birth, CMQCC recommends  

  • Pharmacologic prophylaxis for women undergoing cesarean section with BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 
  • Other women with a single major or two or more minor risk factors should also receive in-house post cesarean pharmacologic prophylaxis 

VTE and Cesarean Section  

Major VTE Risk Factors for Use With Algorithm Below 

  • BMI >35 kg/m2 @ delivery 
  • Low-risk thrombophilia 
  • Postpartum hemorrhage requiring 
    • Transfusion  
    • Further operation (e.g., hysterectomy, D&C)  
    • Interventional Radiology procedure 
  • Infection requiring antibiotics 
  • Antepartum hospitalization ≥ 72 hours, current or within the last month 
  • Chronic medical conditions 
    • Sickle Cell disease 
    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 
    • Significant Cardiac disease 
    • Active Inflammatory Bowel Disease 
    • Active cancer 
    • Nephrotic syndrome 

Minor VTE Risk Factors 

  • Multiple gestation 
  • Age >40 years 
  • Postpartum hemorrhage ≥1000 ml but not requiring  
    • Transfusion  
    • Further operation (e.g., hysterectomy, D&C)  
    • Interventional Radiology procedure 
  • Family history of VTE  
    • VTE occurring in a first-degree relative prior to age 50 
  • Smoker 
  • Preeclampsia 

Cesarean Section Risk Assessment  

LOW RISK 

  • Not meeting medium or high risk criteria 

MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS

MEDIUM RISK

  • Cesarean Delivery with 1 Major or >2 Minor Risk Factors (see above)

MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS and PROPHYLACTIC DOSE LMWH/UFH (postpartum, until discharge)

HIGH RISK  

  • High-risk thrombophilia (including acquired such as APS) with no prior history of VTE and regardless of family history
  • Prior provoked, idiopathic, or estrogen related VTE
  • Low risk thrombophilia AND family history of VTE OR single prior VTE
  • Patients already receiving LMWH/UFH as outpatient
  • Multiple prior VTE
  • Prior VTE with High Risk thrombophilia (including APS)

(1) MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS and PROPHYLATIC DOSE LMWH/UFH (postpartum, until 6 weeks from date of delivery or 

(2) MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS and THERAPEUTIC DOSE LMWH/UFH (postpartum dose ≥ antepartum dose) in hospital and continued until 6 weeks from delivery date after discharge


Vaginal Birth Risk Assessment  

LOW RISK 

  • Delivery BMI >40 kg/m2

MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS   

MEDIUM RISK 

  • Delivery BMI > 40 kg/m2 and Antepartum hospitalization ≥ 72 hours is anticipated currently or within past month 
  • Delivery BMI > 40 kg/m2 and Low Risk Thrombophilia 

MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS and PROPHYLACTIC DOSE LMWH / UFH (postpartum hospitalization)

Note: Consider LMWH/UFH continuation for 6 weeks postpartum if BMI≥40 kg/m2 and thrombophilia

HIGH RISK 

  • High-risk thrombophilia with no prior history of VTE regardless of family history 
  • Prior provoked, idiopathic, or estrogen related VTE 
  • Low risk thrombophilia AND family history of VTE 
  • ANY single prior VTE 
  • Patients already receiving LMWH/UFH as outpatient 
    • Multiple prior VTE 
    • Prior VTE with high risk thrombophilia or APS 

(1) MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS and PROPHYLACTIC DOSE LMWH/UFH (postpartum in hospital until 6 weeks from date of delivery after discharge) or 

(2) MECHANICAL PROPHYLAXIS and THERAPEUTIC DOSE LMWH / UFH (Postpartum in hospital and continued until 6 weeks from date of delivery after discharge, with postpartum dose ≥antepartum dose)

Notes:  

  • Mechanical prophylaxis should be placed prior to cesarean and continued until ambulatory 
  • The CMQCC Maternal VTE Task Force supports the ACOG recommendations that women with prior VTE events, high-risk thrombophilia, or low risk thrombophilia with family history of VTE receive postpartum pharmacologic prophylaxis  
    • Internal California data corroborate the finding of increased risk for maternal VTE mortality with increasing BMI and immobility >72 hours during hospitalization  
    • Therefore, CMQCC has included BMI ≥40 kg/m2 in combination with current, anticipated or recent (within the past month) hospitalization for ≥72 hours for intrapartum mechanical prophylaxis and/or postpartum pharmacologic prophylaxis 

KEY POINTS:  

  • At all risk levels, all women undergoing cesarean section should  
    • Be encouraged to ambulate 
    • Avoid dehydration  
    • Receive mechanical prophylaxis 

Definitions – Risk Factors  

FAMILY HISTORY of VTE 

  • VTE occurring in a first-degree relative prior to age 50 

HIGH RISK THROMBOPHILIA   

  • Antithrombin III deficiency 
  • Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)  
    • Requires at least one clinical and one laboratory criteria be met  
  • Factor V Leiden or Prothrombin pathogenic variant  
    • Homozygosity or compound heterozygosity 

LOW RISK THROMBOPHILIA

  • Factor V Leiden or Prothrombin pathogenic variant  
    • Heterozygote state  
  • Protein C or S deficiency 

Definitions – Anticoagulation Regimens (ACOG)

LMWH – PROPHYLACTIC

  • Enoxaparin, 40 mg SC once daily
  • Dalteparin, 5,000 units SC once daily
  • Tinzaparin, 4,500 units SC once daily
  • Nadroparin, 2,850 units SC once daily

LMWH – INTERMEDIATE DOSE

  • Enoxaparin, 40 mg SC every 12 hours
  • Dalteparin, 5,000 units SC every 12 hours

LMWH – ADJUSTED DOSE (THERAPEUTIC)  

  • Enoxaparin, 1mg/kg SC every 12 hours
  • Dalteparin, 200 units/kg SC once daily
  • Tinzaparin, 175 units/kg SC once daily
  • Dalteparin, 100 units/kg SC every 12 hours

UFH – PROPHYLACTIC   

  • UFH, 5,000 to 7,500 units SC every 12 hours in first trimester
  • UFH, 7,500 to 10,000 units SC every 12 hours in the second trimester
  • UFH, 10,000 units SC every 12 hours in the third trimester, unless the aPTT is elevated

UFH – ADJUSTED DOSE (THERAPEUTIC)

  • UFH, 10,000 units or more SC every 12 hours in doses adjusted to target aPTT in the therapeutic range (1.5 to 2.5 X control) 6 hours after the injection

POSTPARTUM ANTICOAGULATION  

  • Prophylactic, intermediate or adjusted dose LMWH for 6 to 8 weeks as indicated
  • Oral anticoagulants may be considered postpartum based upon planned duration of therapy, lactation and patient preference

SURVEILLANCE    

  • Clinical vigilance and appropriate objective investigation of women with symptoms suspicious of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
  • VTE risk assessment should be performed prepregnancy or early in pregnancy and repeated if complications develop, particularly those necessitating hospitalization or prolonged immobility

Notes:  

  • Anti-Xa level testing is available to monitor activity of LMWH agents 
  • CMQCC defines ‘LMWH therapeutic dose’ as enoxaparin, 1mg/kg SC every 12 hours, adjusted to target Xa 0.6-1.0 units/mL 4-6 hours after injection with acute VTE
  • aPTT testing is used to determine UFH dosing, not LMWH activity 
  • Anti-Xa level testing is not currently mandated due to cost, inconvenience and lack of high quality data 
  • Dose adjustment may be considered with extremes of body weight (<50 kg or >90 kg)
  • Consultation and ongoing collaboration with Anesthesia is strongly recommended 

CMQCC Maternal VTE Patient Education Handout

CMQCC Maternal VTE Patient Education Handout

Learn More – Primary Sources:

CMQCC Venous Thromboembolism Toolkit

ACOG Practice Bulletin 196: Thromboembolism in Pregnancy

ACOG District II/Safe Motherhood Initiative: Maternal Safety Bundle for Venous Thromboembolism

International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)

Locate a genetic counselor or genetics services:

Genetic Services Locator-ACMG

Genetic Services Locator-NSGC

Genetic Services Locator-CAGC

Locate a Maternal Fetal Medicine Specialist

Maternal Fetal Medicine Specialist Locator-SMFM

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Related ObG Topics:

The CMQCC Toolkit: Venous Thromboembolism and Antepartum Admission (Non-Delivery)
The CMQCC Toolkit: Pregnancy Related Risk Factors & Thrombophilia Defined
Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Early Pregnancy

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This educational activity may contain discussion of published and/or investigational uses of agents that are not indicated by the FDA. The planners of this activity do not recommend the use of any agent outside of the labeled indications.

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presented in this activity is not meant to serve as a guideline for patient management. Any procedures, medications, or other courses of diagnosis or treatment discussed or suggested in this activity should not be used by clinicians without evaluation of their patient’s conditions and possible contraindications and/or dangers in use, review of any applicable manufacturer’s product information, and comparison with recommendations of other authorities.

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