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Grand Rounds

TAILORx Results: Can a Gene-Expression Test Help Determine if Some Women with Breast Cancer Can Safely Avoid Chemotherapy?

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:

  • There is a gene-expression assay that includes 21 genes with a score system (from 1-100) that predicts chemotherapy benefit
    • High: ≥31 (or some studies ≥26) is associated with a high risk of recurrence
    • Low: 0-10 predicts only 2% recurrence at 10 years, regardless of chemotherapy
    • Mid-range: 11-25, with limited data
  • Sparano et al. (NEJM, 2018) examined the benefits of chemotherapy when the recurrence score falls in the mid-range

METHODS:

  • Prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT)
    • Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment (TAILORx) study
  • Participants
    • Hormone-receptor-positive
    • Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative
    • Axillary node–negative breast cancer
  • Women assigned to
    • Recurrence score of ≤10: Endocrine therapy only
    • Score of ≥26: Chemotherapy plus endocrine (chemoendocrine) therapy
    • Score of 11-25 were randomized to the following arms
      • Endocrine therapy alone
      • Chemoendocrine therapy
    • Primary outcomes
      • Freedom from invasive disease recurrence
      • Second primary cancer
      • Death
    • Secondary outcomes
      • Freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant site
      • Freedom from recurrence of breast cancer at a distant or local–regional site
      • Overall survival

RESULTS:

  • 6,711 women had a midrange recurrence score (16-25)
  • Primary outcomes: Endocrine therapy was noninferior to chemoendocrine therapy
    • Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.08; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.24; P=0.26
  • 9 years of follow up, groups had similar rates for the following
    • Invasive disease free survival
    • Freedom from disease recurrence at a distant site
    • Distant or local-regional site
    • Overall survival
  • There was some benefit of chemotherapy found in women ≤50 years of age with a recurrence score of 16 to 25

CONCLUSION:

  • Chemoendocrine therapy and endocrine therapy alone had similar effects for in women hormone-receptor-positive, HER2-negative, axillary node-negative breast cancer and a midrange 21-gene recurrence score
  • Age did play a factor in benefits of chemotherapy, with younger women demonstrating some benefit

Learn More – Primary Sources:

Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guided by a 21-Gene Expression Assay in Breast Cancer

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Related ObG Topics:

Obstetrics Critical Care Course
Mammography Guidelines for Average-Risk Women
Office Evaluation of Breast Disorders
USPSTF Guidance: When to Use Medication to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk

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